What technique is most effective when a child with a disability takes years to say one word?

• A. Always reinforcing both attempts and successive approximations
• B. Reinforcing all attempts as it is so hard for him to produce a word
• C. Differential reinforcing of successive approximations
• D. Forcing both attempts and successive approximations

Answer: (C)

Differential reinforcement of successive approximations shapes the final verbal response by rewarding closer and closer versions of the target word while withholding reinforcement for less accurate attempts. This approach creates a clear path from what the child can currently say to the full word, encouraging steady progress rather than hoping for a big leap all at once.

In practice, you identify the target word and define a ladder of approximations—from any vocalization that resembles the sound, to partial forms, to the full word. Each trial reinforces the approximation that is nearest to the goal, while prompts are used as needed and then faded. Over time, the child’s productions become the exact word. This method is especially helpful when progress is slow, because it rewards incremental improvements and keeps motivation high by showing tangible steps forward.

Reinforcing all attempts or trying to force attempts doesn’t guide the child toward the final word. Reinforcing every attempt treats every sound as equally acceptable, which can stall shaping. Forcing attempts can create frustration and negative associations with communication.