The modified Angoff method is described as an extension to estimate which of the following?

• A. The overall test difficulty
• B. How many will fail
• C. The content coverage
• D. A different scoring anchor

Answer: (B)

This method focuses on forecasting cohort outcomes by estimating how many examinees are likely to fail. In the standard Angoff approach, judges estimate the probability that a minimally competent candidate would answer each item correctly, and those item-level probabilities are summed to set a passing score. The modified version tweaks that process to translate those judgments into an expected failure rate for a given group, so the cut score can be aligned with a target number or percentage of failures. This makes it particularly useful when the goal is to control or predict how many candidates will not meet the standard, rather than merely judging item difficulty or content coverage.