Even with early surgery for spina bifida, many children experience which of the following issues?

• A. Lower body paralysis and bladder and bowel problems.
• B. Enhanced cognitive function.
• C. No muscle weakness.
• D. Increased lifespan without any issues.

Answer: (D)

Even with early surgery to close the spinal defect, nerve damage that occurred as the spine formed can leave lasting effects on movement and autonomic functions. The nerves that control muscles in the legs and those that manage bladder and bowel control are often affected, so many children continue to experience weakness or paralysis in the lower body and difficulties with bladder and bowel regulation. Surgery helps protect the spinal cord, reduce infection risk, and improve outcomes, but it doesn’t fully restore lost nerve function, so these issues commonly persist.

Other options don’t fit as well. Enhanced cognitive function isn’t typical for spina bifida, and cognitive challenges can occur, especially if hydrocephalus or other factors are present. No muscle weakness would not align with the usual pattern of spinal involvement, and while life expectancy can be good with proper care, it isn’t accurate to say there will be increased lifespan without any issues.